Calligraphy

Sheikh Hamdullah: The Guide of Calligraphers

Goldframer

28 Jun 2024 — 4 min read

Hüsn-i Hat by Sheikh Hamdullah

Şeyh Hamdullah, widely celebrated as the father of Ottoman calligraphy, played a pivotal role in the development and flourishing of Islamic art during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. His innovative techniques and unique style earned him the title "Kıbletü’l-küttâb" (Qibla of Calligraphers), signifying his central role in the art form's development. This biography explores his life, contributions, and lasting legacy in the world of Islamic art.

Early Life and Education

Born in Amasya in 1436, Şeyh Hamdullah was the son of Mustafa Dede, a prominent sheikh of the Sühreverdiyye order. Amasya, a cultural hub during the Seljuk and early Ottoman periods, provided the perfect environment for Hamdullah to cultivate his talents. Under the guidance of Hayreddin Maraşi, he mastered the Aklâm-ı Sitte, the six classical scripts of Islamic calligraphy: Thuluth, Naskh, Muhaqqaq, Rayhani, Tawqi, and Riqa.

Rise to Prominence

Hamdullah's skill caught the attention of Shahzadeh Bayezid (the future Sultan Bayezid II) during his time in Amasya. Bayezid, a passionate patron of the arts, appointed Hamdullah as his personal calligraphy tutor. This relationship deepened when Bayezid ascended to the throne in 1481. Hamdullah was invited to Istanbul, where he was appointed the chief calligrapher of the Ottoman court. He received significant support from the Sultan, including a workshop near the Harem and properties in Üsküdar.

Innovations and Contributions

In Istanbul, Şeyh Hamdullah began to refine and innovate, leading to the development of the "Hamdullah script." He seamlessly blended the fluidity and elegance of the Thuluth script with the readability of the Naskh script. His work set new standards for Qur'anic manuscripts, official documents, and other written works. His manuscripts were characterized by their exceptional precision, balance, and aesthetic harmony. Additionally, he is credited with establishing a distinct Turkish style, Hüsn-i Hat, in Islamic calligraphy, which would dominate for centuries.

The Guide of Calligraphers and His Disciples

Şeyh Hamdullah, known as the guide of calligraphers, not only produced outstanding works himself but also trained a generation of prominent calligraphers. His disciples included renowned figures such as Şükrullah Halîfe, Sultan Bayezid, and Şeyh Hamdullah's own son, Mustafa Dede. These students continued Hamdullah's legacy, propagating his style and techniques, and significantly contributing to the evolution of Ottoman calligraphy. Their works reflected the influence of their master, ensuring the continuity and growth of the art.

Personal Life and Character

Apart from his calligraphic prowess, Şeyh Hamdullah was also known for his humility and devotion. Despite his close association with the Ottoman elite, he remained detached from worldly pursuits, focusing on his spiritual and artistic endeavors. He was an accomplished archer and swimmer, showcasing his versatility beyond calligraphy. His anecdotal swimming feat from Üsküdar to Sarayburnu without wetting the cüzdan in his mouth is legendary.

Later Years and Legacy

After Bayezid II's abdication in 1512, Şeyh Hamdullah withdrew from public life during the reign of Sultan Selim I, dedicating his time to prayer and mentoring his students. Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent later invited him to write a Qur'an, but Hamdullah, citing his advanced age, recommended his student Muhyiddin Amâsî. Hamdullah passed away in 1520 and was buried in Karacaahmet Cemetery, as per his wishes.

Artistic Legacy

Şeyh Hamdullah's influence extended well beyond his lifetime. He established a school of calligraphy that dominated Ottoman art for centuries. His style was emulated by countless calligraphers, making him a central figure in the history of Islamic art. His works, including numerous Qur'ans, surahs, and other manuscripts, remain treasured masterpieces housed in museums and collections worldwide.

Şeyh Hamdullah Calligraphy Museum

In honor of Şeyh Hamdullah’s immense contributions to the art of calligraphy, the Şeyh Hamdullah Yazı Tarihi ve Hüsn-i Hat Müzesi (Şeyh Hamdullah Writing History and Calligraphy Museum) was established in Amasya. This museum not only celebrates his work but also serves as a repository of knowledge on the history of calligraphy. It houses numerous artifacts, manuscripts, and calligraphy tools, offering visitors a deep insight into the rich heritage of Islamic calligraphy and the profound impact of Şeyh Hamdullah.

Conclusion

Şeyh Hamdullah's life and work represent the zenith of Ottoman calligraphy. His innovative spirit, combined with his spiritual depth, created a legacy that continues to inspire and influence the world of Islamic art. As we remember his contributions, we celebrate a figure whose art transcends time, embodying the beauty and elegance of Ottoman culture.